Nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) biogeochemical processes, such as denitrification and organic matter decomposition, are critical in determining ecological functions in aquatic environments. The overuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has resulted in the ubiquitous presence of these contaminants in lakes, rivers and other water bodies worldwide. However, the effects of antibiotic residues on N and C cycling processes and associated microbial communities are not well understood. Here, 44- day incubation experiments were conducted to examine the impact of tetracycline on nitrification, denitrification, and CO2 and CH4 emissions in sediments with and without biochar addition. Our results showed that tetracycline residues in sediments reached a maximum on the 5th day and then decreased gradually. Throughout incubation, there was no significant difference in sediment N and C cycling rates
between control and tetracycline alone treatment. However, the tetracycline t biochar treatment significantly enhanced sediment denitrification rate and the emission of CO2 and CH4. The abundance of N- and C-cycling genes and 16s rRNA gene was significantly reduced by tetracycline exposure only on the 5th day. Furthermore, the relative abundance of several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and class 1 integron-integrase gene (intl1) in sediments was significantly increased after tetracycline exposure. Our findings suggest that, although non-therapeutic concentrations of tetracycline seems to have no adverse effect on sediment N and C cycling rates, the residual tetracycline can reduce sediment microbial abundance in short term and may promote the proliferation of ARGs in long term
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