Plants   and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary   ecology. Nectar larceny, entailing nectar extraction without pollinating, is   thought to be an example of a harmful, antagonistic behavior, but the precise   consequences of floral larceny on plant reproductive success remain conten-   tious. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 153 studies across 120   plant species, using 14 moderators to assess the effects of floral larceny on   plant reproductive success and examine the key moderators. We found that   floral larceny negatively impacts flower traits, pollinator visitation,   pollen deposition, and fruit set, while having a neutral effect on critical   female fitness indicators, such as seed set and seed quality, as well as on male   fitness. By altering pollinator behavior, floral larceny may reduce   geitonogamy, potentially enhancing genetic diversity. Additionally, factors   such as pollinator type, plant mating system, and pollen limitation were   identified as key moderators of these effects. Our analysis reveals an   ultimately neutral effect of floral larceny on plant reproductive success,   with potential benefits in certain contexts. These findings suggest that   floral larceny plays a complex and multifaceted role within plant-pollinator   interactions, facilitating the evolutionary stability and coexistence of   floral lar- cenists and host plants. Copyright (c) 2024 Kunming Institute of   Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on   behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under   the CC BY- NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).