The rhizosphere is a unique and complex environment where biogeochemical cycles are shaped by interactions among plant roots, microorganisms, and soil. However, large-scale patterns and key drivers of rhizosphere impacts on soil nitrogen (N) cycling remain unclear, hindering accurate modeling of terrestrial N pools, N emissions, and plant-mediated influences on these processes. Here, we analyzed an extensive dataset comprising 5801 paired observations, with sample sizes for individual indicators ranging from 16 to 517, to investigate rhizosphere effects on soil N transformations and nitrous oxide emissions across diverse biomes. We found that, compared to bulk soils, rhizosphere soils generally exhibited higher N transformation rates and larger total and organic N pools, while showing reduced inorganic N availability. These rhizosphere effects were more pronounced in C4 and tap-rooted, while showing minimal variation among different plant growth forms and mycorrhizal types. Moreover, rhizosphere effects were significantly influenced by local factors, particularly plant biomass, soil pH, and nutrient availability. Overall, these results highlight plant-mediated rhizosphere enhancement as a large-scale regulator of soil N transformations, emphasizing the importance of incorporating plant-soil interactions when improving predictions of terrestrial N dynamics.
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